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Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have gained increasing attention for civil and defense applications, but underwater environments present major challenges such as dynamic channels, localization difficulties, high delays, limited bandwidth, energy constraints, interference, and strong noise. This work presents a comprehensive survey of UWSN protocols across the physical, MAC, and routing layers, including existing network stacks, underwater modems, and security threats, with emphasis on the Smart Adaptive Long- and Short-range Acoustic (SALSA) stack.